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A funcionalidade ePARTS faz com que seja mais fácil e rápido encontrar as peças de substituição adequadas para os nossos produtos. As peças encontram-se listadas segundo a gama de modelos e são apresentadas como um desenho simples ajustável, de vista explodida. O software é gratuito. Como cliente direto da BITZER registado na myBITZER, beneficia de funcionalidades avançadas adicionais, como por exemplo a capacidade de consultar online os preços de cada peça de substituição.
A funcionalidade ePARTS faz com que seja mais fácil e rápido encontrar as peças de substituição adequadas para os nossos produtos. As peças encontram-se listadas segundo a gama de modelos e são apresentadas como um desenho simples ajustável, de vista explodida. O software é gratuito. Como cliente direto da BITZER registado na myBITZER, beneficia de funcionalidades avançadas adicionais, como por exemplo a capacidade de consultar online os preços de cada peça de substituição.
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The HFC phase down becomes a phase out
BITZER recommendations for future-proof systems in Europe
- Long term available Refrigerants
- What’s new in the Refrigerant Report Online Edition
- Beyond GWP and TEWI – Carbon footprint of a product
The accelerated HFC phase down poses challenges for the refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump industry, not only within the EU. Dr Heinz Jürgensen is Director of Application Engineering and Product Performance at BITZER. In this interview, he explains what matters now when choosing the right refrigerant and how BITZER supports its customers and partners.
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What does the F-Gas Regulation 2024/573 of 2024-02-20 mean in practice?
Dr Heinz Jürgensen: With the accelerated phase down of HFCs, the refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump industry that supplies to Europe must prepare for severe restrictions on new and existing systems. The first drastic measures of the revision are to apply from January 2025. Hundreds of thousands of systems throughout the EU will be affected. The vast majority of these are not designed in such a way that they can be converted to long-term refrigerants. Europe is therefore heading towards a future with virtually no fluorinated refrigerants.
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Which refrigerants will be available over the long term?
Dr Heinz Jürgensen: The use of natural refrigerants will become increasingly important. Refrigerants must have the least possible environmental impact in order to remain available in the long term. Based on today’s standards, that could mean: ozone depletion potential ODP = 0, global warming potential (GWP) < 10, high energy efficiency, little to no environmentally harmful degradation products, and minimal production effort and waste. Depending on the application, a range of naturally occurring substances such as R744 (carbon dioxide), R717 (ammonia), R290 (propane), R729 (air) and R718 (water) fulfil these criteria.
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Which refrigerants would you recommend for new systems?
Dr Heinz Jürgensen: Whenever possible, we at BITZER recommend that our customers design and construct new systems in the EU for all applications to operate with the natural refrigerants described above, which are available in the long term. BITZER has been building up its portfolio and expertise in handling natural refrigerants for decades. For example, the company has been selling compressors for R744 (CO₂) since 2003 and is the only compressor manufacturer to offer reciprocating, screw and scroll compressors for R290 (propane).
If the use of natural refrigerants is not possible for technical reasons, for example, we always recommend choosing a refrigerant with a GWP < 10, such as R1234yf. If this is also not possible, the limit value GWP < 150 can be considered. However, caution is advised here: This value could already be considered too high for new systems if the proposed phase down values after 2030 are taken into account. Where refrigerants with a higher global warming potential are absolutely necessary, they should only be used for the maintenance of existing systems. According to our estimates, the quotas will only be sufficient for this from 2027 at the latest, despite increasing recycling.
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What will happen to existing systems that are operated with HFCs?
Dr Heinz Jürgensen: It is possible that functioning systems will have to be replaced by new ones, as the refrigerants no longer fulfil the legal requirements. According to our information, the operation and maintenance of existing systems with HFCs will still be possible for around 10 to 15 years. However, there will be limits to the permitted GWP values and the quantity of fluorinated refrigerants available. We expect significant price increases from 2025, and refrigerant shortages cannot be ruled out from 2027. Significant price increases for refrigerants with a GWP > 150 are inevitable from this point onwards.
BITZER therefore strongly recommends converting or retrofitting existing systems with high maintenance requirements or refrigerant loss to the lowest GWP values that are technically and economically feasible. We also offer our customers and partners support, for example through training, guidelines and special calculations
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How is working with natural refrigerants different?
Dr Heinz Jürgensen: Natural refrigerants usually require special training to ensure safe use. Hydrocarbons like R290 propane and R600a isobutane, for example, are highly flammable, whilst R744 CO₂ operates with high pressure in the system. It’s important to develop an in-depth understanding of the refrigerants of the future. We provide support in the form of information – for example, in the Refrigerant Report – and practical training courses at the SCHAUFLER Academy. The system components themselves need to be designed for the corresponding refrigerant, too. BITZER has many years of experience in the use of natural refrigerants in its products and continues to develop its portfolio in that direction. One example is our new 8-cylinder reciprocating compressor for CO₂ as a refrigerant, which is up to 10 % more energy-efficient than conventional 6-cylinder compressors on the market. Generally speaking, alternative refrigerants in combination with new compressors and components can offer a high degree of energy efficiency and potential for savings.
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Many low-GWP refrigerants are also considered to be PFAS and could therefore be banned through the EU’s REACH chemical regulation. Is it safe to assume that PFAS will be banned?
Dr Heinz Jürgensen: Unsaturated partly fluorinated F-gases (HFO) were developed as an important tool to reduce the direct impact of greenhouse gas emissions. Recently developed to reach the emission quotas of the F-Gas Regulation, these substances could be affected by a potential PFAS ban. It would then be more difficult to achieve emission targets. At this moment, we believe that a PFAS ban is all but certain. But it’s difficult to predict exactly which substances will be affected, which is why we so strongly recommend using natural refrigerants in as many systems as possible.
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In what ways do companies and associations try to influence PFAS negotiations?
Dr Heinz Jürgensen: Well-founded opinions were accepted during the input phase from March to September 2023. BITZER was also involved in the process. The European Chemical Agency received more than 5,600 entries from all over the world covering a wide range of applications involving different PFAS, from fluorinated gases, solvents and textile finishes to fluoroplastics for gaskets and hydrodynamic bearings. It’s important to highlight the relationship between environmental protection and technical and economic feasibility. The inputs will after evaluation by two expert committees in 2024 be processed by the European Parliament, the European Commission and the European Council. Countries have influence again during this phase. We’re also in contact with the German Environmental Agency. We don’t expect a decision before 2025.
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What are the prospects outside of the European Economic Area?
Dr Heinz Jürgensen: The rest of the world is closely watching current developments in European regulations. The Kigali Amendment also calls for a gradual reduction in F-gas emissions globally, but with a delayed time frame and country group-specific targets. Traditional developed countries are required to reduce their consumption and production emissions by 40 % by 2024 compared to the base years of 2011 to 2013. Other countries have more time. For example, so-called Article 5 countries don’t have to begin restricting their emissions until 2024. Like the EU with its F-Gas Regulation, many countries around the world, including Australia, Japan and Norway, are aiming for an even bigger reduction than prescribed by the Kigali Amendment. Individual countries can choose to accelerate reduction, with financial support provided by the Multilateral Fund. If all members agree, the prescribed time frames can also be shortened as a whole. But that’s not likely to happen before 2028.
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Many countries will rely heavily on heat pumps for heating in the future. Does this place a burden on the existing quotas in the F-Gas Regulation, for example, as absolute quantities are specified there?
Dr Heinz Jürgensen: It’s true that the defined quotas do not take into account the growing demand for refrigerants associated with heat pumps. Whilst small systems for residential buildings are often imported into Europe prefilled, the importing company must demonstrate compliance with the quota in Europe. But thankfully for them, there’s a share of the quotas reserved for so-called new market participants. This share is reduced at a lower rate than the share for manufacturers inside Europe.
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Do you see any brand-new refrigerants on the horizon?
Dr Heinz Jürgensen: Water is an interesting refrigerant for special applications such as high temperature heat pumps above 140°C. For more conventional applications, there will be new hydrocarbon blends and blends with CO₂ on the market. The temperature glide of blends like these can be used to increase condenser and evaporator efficiency. Hydrocarbons can be mixed together in different compositions to achieve the same pressure level as another refrigerant. Non-flammable blends can be produced with carbon dioxide. Conversely, hydrocarbons can be added to CO₂ to raise the critical point, which enables condensation at higher temperatures than with pure CO₂ and, in turn, expands the application range. And on the low pressure side, these blends allow condensation at lower temperatures, as hydrocarbons maintain their liquid form at lower temperatures than CO₂. Blends also enable lower pressure levels than pure CO₂, which increases efficiency.
Which refrigerants would you recommend for new systems?
How is working with natural refrigerants different?
What are the prospects outside of the European Economic Area?
Recording of the online seminar (21.11.2023) with Dr Heinz Jürgensen
Refrigerants: everything at a glance
Refrigerants are the key resource in all refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump systems, yet they can vary considerably. No single refrigerant is suitable for all applications. There’s also the fact that some refrigerants are toxic and/or flammable, others have a high global warming potential and damage the ozone layer. Choosing the right refrigerant therefore has a role in determining whether systems are efficient, environmentally friendly and effective.
For many years, BITZER has been a pioneer in products that are compatible with alternative, natural refrigerants. The long-standing company has been developing refrigeration and air conditioning components for refrigerants such as CO₂, ammonia and those from the A2L group for decades. And you can profit from this expertise today.
ONE NATURAL REFRIGERANT CANNOT COVER ALL FIELDS OF APPLICATION.
The most common natural refrigerants at a glance:
CO₂ (R744)
- Non flammable, but high pressure level
- High cooling capacity
- Mainly applied in commercial refrigeration
PROPANE (R290)
- Highly flammable
- Wide application range without thermal stress for the compressor
- Mainly applied in commercial refrigeration
NH₃ (R717)
- Toxic and slightly flammable
- Lower price in large systems
- Industrial refrigeration
CO₂
In light of the special characteristics of CO₂, components that are used with it have to meet stricter safety, reliability and efficiency standards.
BITZER continuously invests in enhancing its products and the latest technology and never stops expanding its portfolio of highly efficient, powerful CO₂ components.
The BITZER COMPACT magazine features typical applications in the world of food storage and production.
Ammonia
Anyone who works with ammonia appreciates its efficiency and its lack of global warming potential. BITZER has decades of experience in the production of components suitable for ammonia – and, with its Ammonia Compressor Packs, also offers higher cooling capacities, each up to 3 MW (–10/35 °C).
Ammonia Compressor Packs from BITZER provide customers with fully assembled, ready-to-use compressor units which can be installed quickly and easily on site. This makes the application ranges highly diverse.
Low global warming potential, high energy efficiency and low flammability:
Refrigerants in protection class A2L offer decisive advantages and BITZER has the right products in a wide range of categories, such as scroll compressors and condensing units.
Training
Training and professional development are playing an increasingly significant role in complex fields such as refrigeration and air conditioning technology. The requirements of alternative refrigerants are one of the challenges the industry is currently facing.
To help customers overcome these challenges, the main training centres of BITZER offer seminars, training courses and weblearning sessions conveying extensive information and practical skills for working with refrigerants. A testimonial is available here.
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CO₂
CO₂
In light of the special characteristics of CO₂, components that are used with it have to meet stricter safety, reliability and efficiency standards.
BITZER continuously invests in enhancing its products and the latest technology and never stops expanding its portfolio of highly efficient, powerful CO₂ components.
The BITZER COMPACT magazine features typical applications in the world of food storage and production.
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Ammonia
Ammonia
Anyone who works with ammonia appreciates its efficiency and its lack of global warming potential. BITZER has decades of experience in the production of components suitable for ammonia – and, with its Ammonia Compressor Packs, also offers higher cooling capacities, each up to 3 MW (–10/35 °C).
Ammonia Compressor Packs from BITZER provide customers with fully assembled, ready-to-use compressor units which can be installed quickly and easily on site. This makes the application ranges highly diverse.
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A2L
Low global warming potential, high energy efficiency and low flammability:
Refrigerants in protection class A2L offer decisive advantages and BITZER has the right products in a wide range of categories, such as scroll compressors and condensing units.
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Training
Training
Training and professional development are playing an increasingly significant role in complex fields such as refrigeration and air conditioning technology. The requirements of alternative refrigerants are one of the challenges the industry is currently facing.
To help customers overcome these challenges, the main training centres of BITZER offer seminars, training courses and weblearning sessions conveying extensive information and practical skills for working with refrigerants. A testimonial is available here.