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  • What are refrigerants?
    • What is new in the Refrigerant Report?
      • Choosing the refrigerant
        • Thermodynamics
          • Pressure level
            • Operation below ambient pressure
              • Operation above critical pressure
              • Material compatibility
                • Thermal and chemical stability
                  • Environmental impact
                    • Dangers for users and technicians
                    • Refrigerant selection tables
                      • Complete table with filter function
                        • Separate tables
                          • R134a
                            • R22
                              • R404A
                                • R410A
                                  • R23, R13
                                    • R123, R11
                                      • R124
                                        • R12
                                          • R502
                                        • Methods for comparison of refrigerants
                                          • Preselection with refrigerant tables
                                            • Comparison via refrigerant property data
                                              • Refrigeration process design
                                                • Operating conditions
                                                  • Values evaluated
                                                    • Example results
                                                    • Comparison based on component data
                                                    • What`s new on refrigerants?
                                                      • Components for blends
                                                        • New refrigerants for low temperature applications below -50°C
                                                          • New blends for the substitution of R134a
                                                          • Long-term available refrigerants
                                                            • Regulations and other legal provisions
                                                              • Status of the EU F-Gas Regulation
                                                                • European Green Deal
                                                                  • Montreal Protocol Kigali Amendment
                                                                    • Proposal for regulation of PFAS and TFA
                                                                    • Emissions
                                                                      • Terms on emissions
                                                                        • Greenhouse gas balance CFP on a refrigerant compressor
                                                                        • Reports of the IPCC
                                                                          • Refrigerant Report 21
                                                                            • Information
                                                                              • Refrigerant developments and legal situation
                                                                                • Structural classification of refrigerants
                                                                                  • HFC refrigerants
                                                                                    • HFO and HFO/HFC blends
                                                                                      • Halogen free (natural) refrigerants
                                                                                      • Environmental aspects
                                                                                        • Global Warming and TEWI Factor
                                                                                          • Eco-Efficiency
                                                                                        • Refrigerants
                                                                                          • HCFC refrigerants
                                                                                            • R22 as transitional refrigerant
                                                                                              • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                            • HFC refrigerants
                                                                                              • R134a as substitute for R12 and R22
                                                                                                • R134a has similar thermodynamic properties to R12
                                                                                                  • Lubricants for R134a
                                                                                                    • Resulting design and construction criteria
                                                                                                      • BITZER products for R134a
                                                                                                        • Converting existing R12 plants to R134a
                                                                                                          • Restrictions for R134a in mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems
                                                                                                            • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the use of R134a
                                                                                                            • Alternatives to R134a
                                                                                                              • R152a – an alternative to R134a (?)
                                                                                                                • "Low GWP" HFO refrigerant R1234yf
                                                                                                              • Refrigerant blends
                                                                                                                • BITZER products and experiences with refrigerant blends
                                                                                                                  • General characteristics of zeotropic blends
                                                                                                                    • Service blends
                                                                                                                      • Service blends with the basic component R22* as substitutes for R502
                                                                                                                        • Resulting design criteria / Converting existing R502 plants
                                                                                                                        • Service blends as substitutes for R12 (R500)
                                                                                                                          • Resulting design criteria / Converting existing R12 plants
                                                                                                                      • Substitutes for R22 in refrigeration systems
                                                                                                                        • R404A and R507A as substitutes for R22 and R502
                                                                                                                          • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                            • BITZER products for R404A and R507A
                                                                                                                              • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the use of HFC blends
                                                                                                                              • R407A/B/F/H as substitutes for R22 and R502
                                                                                                                                • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                  • Converting existing R22 plants to R407A/B/F/H
                                                                                                                                    • Conversion of existing R404A/R507A systems to R407A/B/F/H
                                                                                                                                      • BITZER products for R407A and R407F
                                                                                                                                      • R422A as substitute for R22 and R502
                                                                                                                                        • BITZER products for R422A
                                                                                                                                      • Substitutes for R22 in air conditioning systems and heat pumps
                                                                                                                                        • R407C as substitute for R22
                                                                                                                                          • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                            • BITZER products for R407C
                                                                                                                                              • Converting existing R22 plants to R407C
                                                                                                                                              • R410A as substitute for R22
                                                                                                                                                • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                                  • BITZER products for R410A
                                                                                                                                                  • R417A/417B/422D/438A as substitutes for R22
                                                                                                                                                    • BITZER products for R417A/417B/422D/438A
                                                                                                                                                    • R427A as a substitute for R22
                                                                                                                                                      • BITZER products for R427A
                                                                                                                                                        • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the use of HFC blends
                                                                                                                                                        • R32 as substitute for R22
                                                                                                                                                          • BITZER products for R32
                                                                                                                                                        • "Low GWP" HFOs and HFO/HFC blends as alternatives to HFCs
                                                                                                                                                          • Aspects on the development of HFO and HFO/HFC refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                            • R134a alternatives
                                                                                                                                                              • Substitutes for R404A/R507A and R410A
                                                                                                                                                                • Further development projects with "Low GWP" refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                  • BITZER experiences and products for HFOs and HFO/HFC blends
                                                                                                                                                                    • Further information on the application of HFOs and HFO/HFC blends
                                                                                                                                                                    • Halogen free (natural) refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                      • NH3 (Ammonia) as alternative refrigerant
                                                                                                                                                                        • Resulting design and construction criteria
                                                                                                                                                                          • BITZER products for NH3
                                                                                                                                                                            • Conversion of existing plants
                                                                                                                                                                              • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the application of NH3
                                                                                                                                                                              • R723 (NH3/DME) as an alternative to NH3
                                                                                                                                                                                • Resulting layout criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                  • BITZER products for R723
                                                                                                                                                                                  • R290 (Propane) as alternative refrigerant
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                      • BITZER products for R290
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Conversion of existing plants with R22 or HFC to R290
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the use of R290
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Propylene (R1270) as an alternative to propane
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                              • BITZER products for R1270
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the use of R1270
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Carbon dioxide R744 (CO2) as an alternative refrigerant and secondary fluid
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Subcritical CO2 applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • BITZER products for subcritical CO2 applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Supplementary BITZER information concerning compressor selection for subcritical CO2 systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Transcritical CO2 applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • BITZER products for transcritical CO2 applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Supplementary BITZER information concerning compressor selection for transcritical CO2 systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • CO2 in car air conditioning systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Refrigerants for special applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • R124 and R142b as substitutes for R114 and R12B1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Resulting design criteria / Converting existing plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • BITZER products for R124 and R142b
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Chlorine free substitutes for special applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Alternatives for R114 and R12B1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • BITZER products for ORC systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Alternatives for R13B1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Alternatives for R13 and R503
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • BITZER products for substitutes for special applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Refrigerant data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Lubricants for compressors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Supplementary BITZER information concerning lubricants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Overview lubricants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Application ranges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • HFC refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • "Low GWP" refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Halogen free refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Overview lubricants