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  • What are refrigerants?
    • Choosing the refrigerant
      • Thermodynamics
        • Pressure level
          • Operation below ambient pressure
            • Operation above critical pressure
            • Material compatibility
              • Thermal and chemical stability
                • Environmental impact
                  • Dangers for users and technicians
                  • Methods for comparison of refrigerants
                    • Preselection with refrigerant tables
                      • Comparison via refrigerant property data
                        • Refrigeration process design
                          • Operating conditions
                            • Values evaluated
                              • Example results
                              • Comparison based on component data
                              • Long-term available refrigerants
                                • Emissions
                                  • Terms on emissions
                                    • Greenhouse gas balance CFP on a refrigerant compressor
                                    • Reports of the IPCC
                                      • Regulations and other legal provisions
                                        • Status of the EU F-Gas Regulation
                                          • European Green Deal
                                            • Montreal Protocol Kigali Amendment
                                              • Proposal for regulation of PFAS and TFA
                                              • What`s new on refrigerants?
                                                • Components for blends
                                                  • New refrigerants for low temperature applications below -50°C
                                                    • New blends for the substitution of R134a
                                                    • Refrigerant selection tables
                                                      • Complete table with filter function
                                                        • Separate tables
                                                          • R134a
                                                            • R22
                                                              • R404A
                                                                • R410A
                                                                  • R23, R13
                                                                    • R123, R11
                                                                      • R124
                                                                        • R12
                                                                          • R502
                                                                        • Refrigerant Report 21
                                                                          • Information
                                                                            • Refrigerant developments and legal situation
                                                                              • Structural classification of refrigerants
                                                                                • HFC refrigerants
                                                                                  • HFO and HFO/HFC blends
                                                                                    • Halogen free (natural) refrigerants
                                                                                    • Environmental aspects
                                                                                      • Global Warming and TEWI Factor
                                                                                        • Eco-Efficiency
                                                                                      • Refrigerants
                                                                                        • HCFC refrigerants
                                                                                          • R22 as transitional refrigerant
                                                                                            • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                          • HFC refrigerants
                                                                                            • R134a as substitute for R12 and R22
                                                                                              • R134a has similar thermodynamic properties to R12
                                                                                                • Lubricants for R134a
                                                                                                  • Resulting design and construction criteria
                                                                                                    • BITZER products for R134a
                                                                                                      • Converting existing R12 plants to R134a
                                                                                                        • Restrictions for R134a in mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems
                                                                                                          • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the use of R134a
                                                                                                          • Alternatives to R134a
                                                                                                            • R152a – an alternative to R134a (?)
                                                                                                              • "Low GWP" HFO refrigerant R1234yf
                                                                                                            • Refrigerant blends
                                                                                                              • BITZER products and experiences with refrigerant blends
                                                                                                                • General characteristics of zeotropic blends
                                                                                                                  • Service blends
                                                                                                                    • Service blends with the basic component R22* as substitutes for R502
                                                                                                                      • Resulting design criteria / Converting existing R502 plants
                                                                                                                      • Service blends as substitutes for R12 (R500)
                                                                                                                        • Resulting design criteria / Converting existing R12 plants
                                                                                                                    • Substitutes for R22 in refrigeration systems
                                                                                                                      • R404A and R507A as substitutes for R22 and R502
                                                                                                                        • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                          • BITZER products for R404A and R507A
                                                                                                                            • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the use of HFC blends
                                                                                                                            • R407A/B/F/H as substitutes for R22 and R502
                                                                                                                              • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                • Converting existing R22 plants to R407A/B/F/H
                                                                                                                                  • Conversion of existing R404A/R507A systems to R407A/B/F/H
                                                                                                                                    • BITZER products for R407A and R407F
                                                                                                                                    • R422A as substitute for R22 and R502
                                                                                                                                      • BITZER products for R422A
                                                                                                                                    • Substitutes for R22 in air conditioning systems and heat pumps
                                                                                                                                      • R407C as substitute for R22
                                                                                                                                        • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                          • BITZER products for R407C
                                                                                                                                            • Converting existing R22 plants to R407C
                                                                                                                                            • R410A as substitute for R22
                                                                                                                                              • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                                • BITZER products for R410A
                                                                                                                                                • R417A/417B/422D/438A as substitutes for R22
                                                                                                                                                  • BITZER products for R417A/417B/422D/438A
                                                                                                                                                  • R427A as a substitute for R22
                                                                                                                                                    • BITZER products for R427A
                                                                                                                                                      • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the use of HFC blends
                                                                                                                                                      • R32 as substitute for R22
                                                                                                                                                        • BITZER products for R32
                                                                                                                                                      • "Low GWP" HFOs and HFO/HFC blends as alternatives to HFCs
                                                                                                                                                        • Aspects on the development of HFO and HFO/HFC refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                          • R134a alternatives
                                                                                                                                                            • Substitutes for R404A/R507A and R410A
                                                                                                                                                              • Further development projects with "Low GWP" refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                • BITZER experiences and products for HFOs and HFO/HFC blends
                                                                                                                                                                  • Further information on the application of HFOs and HFO/HFC blends
                                                                                                                                                                  • Halogen free (natural) refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                    • NH3 (Ammonia) as alternative refrigerant
                                                                                                                                                                      • Resulting design and construction criteria
                                                                                                                                                                        • BITZER products for NH3
                                                                                                                                                                          • Conversion of existing plants
                                                                                                                                                                            • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the application of NH3
                                                                                                                                                                            • R723 (NH3/DME) as an alternative to NH3
                                                                                                                                                                              • Resulting layout criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                • BITZER products for R723
                                                                                                                                                                                • R290 (Propane) as alternative refrigerant
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                    • BITZER products for R290
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Conversion of existing plants with R22 or HFC to R290
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the use of R290
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Propylene (R1270) as an alternative to propane
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                            • BITZER products for R1270
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the use of R1270
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Carbon dioxide R744 (CO2) as an alternative refrigerant and secondary fluid
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Subcritical CO2 applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • BITZER products for subcritical CO2 applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Supplementary BITZER information concerning compressor selection for subcritical CO2 systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Transcritical CO2 applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • BITZER products for transcritical CO2 applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Supplementary BITZER information concerning compressor selection for transcritical CO2 systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • CO2 in car air conditioning systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Refrigerants for special applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • R124 and R142b as substitutes for R114 and R12B1
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Resulting design criteria / Converting existing plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • BITZER products for R124 and R142b
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Chlorine free substitutes for special applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Alternatives for R114 and R12B1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • BITZER products for ORC systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Alternatives for R13B1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Alternatives for R13 and R503
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • BITZER products for substitutes for special applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Refrigerant data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lubricants for compressors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Supplementary BITZER information concerning lubricants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Overview lubricants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Application ranges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • HFC refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • "Low GWP" refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Halogen free refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview lubricants